Gravitation

Gives the magnitude of the mutual attractive gravitational force between two point masses separated by distance r.

Gives the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a spherical celestial body of mass M and radius R.

Gives the acceleration due to gravity at height h above the planet's surface, along with the linear approximation valid for h much smaller than R.

Gives the acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the surface of a uniform spherical body.

Gives the gravitational potential energy of two point masses separated by distance r, with zero potential energy at infinity.

Gives the gravitational potential at distance r from a point mass M or outside a spherically symmetric mass distribution.

Gives the minimum projection speed required for an object to escape the gravitational field of a spherical body.

States that the areal velocity of an orbiting body in a central force field is constant as angular momentum is conserved.

Relates the square of the orbital period to the cube of the orbital radius for circular planetary and satellite motion.

Gives the orbital speed of a satellite moving in a circular orbit of radius r around a body of mass M.

Gives the kinetic energy of a satellite of mass m orbiting in a circular path of radius r.

Gives the total bound mechanical energy of an orbiting satellite in terms of gravitational parameters and orbital radius.