Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Relates the focal length and radius of curvature of a paraxial spherical mirror.

Relates object distance, image distance, and focal length for spherical mirrors.

Gives the transverse linear magnification of an image formed by a spherical mirror.

Relates angles of incidence and refraction across a plane interface between two media.

Defines refractive index in terms of light speed in vacuum and the medium.

Gives the wavelength of light inside an optical medium of refractive index n.

Gives the threshold angle of incidence for total internal reflection into air or vacuum.

Gives the apparent depth of an object submerged in a denser medium viewed near normal incidence.

Gives the normal displacement of an object viewed through a transparent slab of thickness t.

Relates object and image positions for refraction at a single spherical interface.

Calculates the focal length of a thin lens from its refractive index and surface radii.

Relates object distance, image distance, and focal length for a thin lens.

Gives the transverse linear magnification produced by a thin lens.

Defines the power of a lens in dioptres when its focal length is measured in metres.

Gives the equivalent focal length and power of two coaxial thin lenses placed in contact.

Gives the focal length of a convex lens from two image-forming positions spaced d apart.

Relates the angle of the prism, internal refraction angles, and total angle of deviation.

Calculates the refractive index of a prism material at the angle of minimum deviation.

Gives the deviation produced by a prism having a small refracting angle A.

Gives the angular magnification of a simple magnifier at the near point and at infinity.

Gives the total magnifying power of a compound microscope.

Gives the angular magnification of an astronomical refracting telescope.

Gives the distance between objective and eyepiece of a telescope in normal adjustment.